What is Culture Persuasive Essay Example For Students

What is Culture? Persuasive Essay 1. Introduction Culture, the most essential part of every human being, has been handed down for generations on from our predecessors. It differs from nation to nation, state to state, people to people. Human behaviour can be accounted for by the difference in their culture. As such, for the globalised economy of today, it is crucial to understand the concept of culture for conducting business. This report will attempt to define the concept of culture, major disparities in it and the effect of it on the conduct of business. 2. What is Culture? Culture defines the way humans act. According to Geertz, (cited in Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. , 1997) culture is the means by which humans have evolved their knowledge of life and have sought guidance for their actions. As stated by Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, culture can be divided into three distinct layers: the outer layer, the middle layer and the core. The outer layer consists of explicit products. It is the tangible items, such as food, buildings, houses, shrines, markets, and the intangible ones, like the language, preference, fashion, taste, of a culture (Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. We will write a custom essay on What is Culture? Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now , 1997). The middle layer consists of customs and ethics that determine human action. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner refer to this layer consisting of norms, which is the reciprocal sense of a group of people that enables them to decide between right and wrong, and values, which relates to the principles shared by a group concerning what is good and what is bad. The core is the origin of peoples culture that has defined the way humans act. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner defines it as the effect on human perspective due to the physical environment a person was brought up in. These form the basic assumptions of life and may include why we exist and why we do what we do. 3. The Concept of Individualism and Collectivism In order to understand the effects of culture on the conduct of business we need to look at the cultural variations among different people. Cultural differences can be explained by looking at Hofstedes (cited in Samovar and Koester, 1999) two dimensions of culture the individualist and the collectivist. 3. 1. Individualism According to Samovar and Porter, in individualistic culture individual is the most important unit in any social setting, independence rather than dependence is stressed, individual achievement is rewarded. According to Hofstedes finding, the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada and New Zealand incline to be individualism and Goleman states that, people in individualism cultures prioritize personal goals more than groups goals. 3. 2. Collectivism Collectivist cultures are somewhat opposite of individualistic cultures, they tend to be more close with others people around them. According to Samovar and Porter, people in collectivist cultures greater emphasis on the views, goals and needs of others rather than oneself. They tend to rely on a group for decision-making and prefer to be a part of the same association. Example of some collectivistic cultures is Pakistan, Colombia, Taiwan, Venezuela and Peru. 4. Effect of culture on the business context With the business becoming globalized, the effect of culture on business has become widespread. Will see how the effects of collectivistic and individualistic culture on business. 4. 1. Business contract The meaning of a contract may vary with variations in culture. According to Lustig and Koester (1999) individualistic cultures may find a contract legally binding if not completed as stated whereas in places like China, where they are more collectivistic in nature, a contract is regarded as binding only if the conditions of the contract remain same, it is more like a formality and outline 4. 2. Business deal The effects of culture can be clearly seen in business negotiation with individualistic cultures being more straight forward than there counterparts. .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postImageUrl , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:visited , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active { border:0!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize Marijuana EssayLustig and Koester points out that individualistic culture have a tendency of getting down to business rather than socialize and form ties like the collectivistic cultures. In Africa, China and other collectivistic cultures friendship is valued more than business and a frustworthy relationship is formed. However, it has been seen that Germans, Scandavians and French, all individualistic cultures fend more to set out the deal and conclude the business first. 4. 3. Gender Expectation In most of Collectivism countries, even the men and women are the same, but the women are still considered below men. Thus, it is rarely found that there are women who are leaders. But it seems that this condition is slowly vanished. Megawati Soekarno Putri, the President of Indonesia and Sadako Ogata from Japan is one of the proofs that this culture is slowly replaced (Lustig and Koester, 1999). On the other hand, gender is not a big issue in the individualism countries where women have the same position as men. In America, England, Australia women is common to be a leader. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, the effects on the business context is evident with differences in culture. It is important therefore, to recognize these differences in culture it this globalised economy of todays in order to conduct business. Bibliography Lustig M. W. and Koester J. , 1999, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, 3rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. , New York Samovar L. A. and Porter R. E. , 2001, Communication Between Cultures, 4th edn, Wadsworth, Australia Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. , 1997, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicolas Bradley, London. What is Culture Persuasive Essay Example For Students What is Culture? Persuasive Essay 1. Introduction Culture, the most essential part of every human being, has been handed down for generations on from our predecessors. It differs from nation to nation, state to state, people to people. Human behaviour can be accounted for by the difference in their culture. As such, for the globalised economy of today, it is crucial to understand the concept of culture for conducting business. This report will attempt to define the concept of culture, major disparities in it and the effect of it on the conduct of business. 2. What is Culture? Culture defines the way humans act. According to Geertz, (cited in Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. , 1997) culture is the means by which humans have evolved their knowledge of life and have sought guidance for their actions. As stated by Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, culture can be divided into three distinct layers: the outer layer, the middle layer and the core. The outer layer consists of explicit products. It is the tangible items, such as food, buildings, houses, shrines, markets, and the intangible ones, like the language, preference, fashion, taste, of a culture (Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. We will write a custom essay on What is Culture? Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now , 1997). The middle layer consists of customs and ethics that determine human action. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner refer to this layer consisting of norms, which is the reciprocal sense of a group of people that enables them to decide between right and wrong, and values, which relates to the principles shared by a group concerning what is good and what is bad. The core is the origin of peoples culture that has defined the way humans act. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner defines it as the effect on human perspective due to the physical environment a person was brought up in. These form the basic assumptions of life and may include why we exist and why we do what we do. 3. The Concept of Individualism and Collectivism In order to understand the effects of culture on the conduct of business we need to look at the cultural variations among different people. Cultural differences can be explained by looking at Hofstedes (cited in Samovar and Koester, 1999) two dimensions of culture the individualist and the collectivist. 3. 1. Individualism According to Samovar and Porter, in individualistic culture individual is the most important unit in any social setting, independence rather than dependence is stressed, individual achievement is rewarded. According to Hofstedes finding, the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada and New Zealand incline to be individualism and Goleman states that, people in individualism cultures prioritize personal goals more than groups goals. 3. 2. Collectivism Collectivist cultures are somewhat opposite of individualistic cultures, they tend to be more close with others people around them. According to Samovar and Porter, people in collectivist cultures greater emphasis on the views, goals and needs of others rather than oneself. They tend to rely on a group for decision-making and prefer to be a part of the same association. Example of some collectivistic cultures is Pakistan, Colombia, Taiwan, Venezuela and Peru. 4. Effect of culture on the business context With the business becoming globalized, the effect of culture on business has become widespread. Will see how the effects of collectivistic and individualistic culture on business. 4. 1. Business contract The meaning of a contract may vary with variations in culture. According to Lustig and Koester (1999) individualistic cultures may find a contract legally binding if not completed as stated whereas in places like China, where they are more collectivistic in nature, a contract is regarded as binding only if the conditions of the contract remain same, it is more like a formality and outline 4. 2. Business deal The effects of culture can be clearly seen in business negotiation with individualistic cultures being more straight forward than there counterparts. .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postImageUrl , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:visited , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active { border:0!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize Marijuana EssayLustig and Koester points out that individualistic culture have a tendency of getting down to business rather than socialize and form ties like the collectivistic cultures. In Africa, China and other collectivistic cultures friendship is valued more than business and a frustworthy relationship is formed. However, it has been seen that Germans, Scandavians and French, all individualistic cultures fend more to set out the deal and conclude the business first. 4. 3. Gender Expectation In most of Collectivism countries, even the men and women are the same, but the women are still considered below men. Thus, it is rarely found that there are women who are leaders. But it seems that this condition is slowly vanished. Megawati Soekarno Putri, the President of Indonesia and Sadako Ogata from Japan is one of the proofs that this culture is slowly replaced (Lustig and Koester, 1999). On the other hand, gender is not a big issue in the individualism countries where women have the same position as men. In America, England, Australia women is common to be a leader. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, the effects on the business context is evident with differences in culture. It is important therefore, to recognize these differences in culture it this globalised economy of todays in order to conduct business. Bibliography Lustig M. W. and Koester J. , 1999, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, 3rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. , New York Samovar L. A. and Porter R. E. , 2001, Communication Between Cultures, 4th edn, Wadsworth, Australia Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. , 1997, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicolas Bradley, London.

Free Essays on Mass Media

â€Å"Communication remains God’s great gift to humanity without which we cannot be truly human, reflecting God’s image.† (Caà ±aberal, 1993,44) The Bill of Rights has given us freedom of speech, therefore; we as individuals have expressed our thoughts, desires, and goals through the mass media. Media has been considered by Ciony C. Gonzalez as, â€Å"the most dominant art form,† because it has the power to affect a person. (Gonzales, 1984,9) Media leaves both a compelling and lasting impact on both the conscious and subconscious. (Gonzales, 1984,9) Media has contributed in ways that enlighten and enrich society, but has also weakened and confused it. Yet with all this it’s not surprising to learn that the media has become the most powerful source of information. But rather then being a positive agent in society, media has had a more negative affect on society. It has destroyed images, covered up the truth, as well as sent wrong messages. â€Å"Media is ones of this are the beer and cigarettes commercials. If you drink you will have women and friends. Media has twisted the definition of love. It works on the feelings of people rather then the intellect and will, creating a more significant impact on the youth. It provides a daily showing of trashing soaps and talk shows. Media also uses its power to promote ratings and popularity. For example you can see commercials none stop on certain television shows. A commer cial that has been played a lot lately is the Road Runner commercial. (High speed Internet) Media also promotes pornography. Pornography also has a negative moral implication that can lead to a sexually aggressive behavior that can cause rape or other heinous sex-related acts. Yet the media has justified this by referring to it as an art... Free Essays on Mass Media Free Essays on Mass Media â€Å"Communication remains God’s great gift to humanity without which we cannot be truly human, reflecting God’s image.† (Caà ±aberal, 1993,44) The Bill of Rights has given us freedom of speech, therefore; we as individuals have expressed our thoughts, desires, and goals through the mass media. Media has been considered by Ciony C. Gonzalez as, â€Å"the most dominant art form,† because it has the power to affect a person. (Gonzales, 1984,9) Media leaves both a compelling and lasting impact on both the conscious and subconscious. (Gonzales, 1984,9) Media has contributed in ways that enlighten and enrich society, but has also weakened and confused it. Yet with all this it’s not surprising to learn that the media has become the most powerful source of information. But rather then being a positive agent in society, media has had a more negative affect on society. It has destroyed images, covered up the truth, as well as sent wrong messages. â€Å"Media is ones of this are the beer and cigarettes commercials. If you drink you will have women and friends. Media has twisted the definition of love. It works on the feelings of people rather then the intellect and will, creating a more significant impact on the youth. It provides a daily showing of trashing soaps and talk shows. Media also uses its power to promote ratings and popularity. For example you can see commercials none stop on certain television shows. A commer cial that has been played a lot lately is the Road Runner commercial. (High speed Internet) Media also promotes pornography. Pornography also has a negative moral implication that can lead to a sexually aggressive behavior that can cause rape or other heinous sex-related acts. Yet the media has justified this by referring to it as an art... Free Essays on Mass Media In watching the 5:00 and 10:00 news I was presented with many different stories that appeared to be original or live recordings by the television station. I was able to pick out and recognize the difference between original news footage from the station and a video news release. The video news release that I’m going to be referring to was from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester. It dealt with a new procedure of detecting Anthrax that gives doctors results sometimes in as fast as an hour. The reason that I knew it was not an original piece was that at the bottom of the screen it blatantly said â€Å"Mayo Clinic Video† in the middle of the segment that features many clips of laboratory testing. One other thing that tipped me off was an interview with a doctor at the clinic that showed no sign of a station reporter asking him questions and his remarks were not aimed at answering any specific question(s). In the case of this video release I did not see any unfair or inaccurate information that was presented. The news station did however do their own interpretation of how this procedure works and why it is so fast in detecting Anthrax. This interpretation dealt strictly with facts that helped to explain things in terms that most viewers would be able to understand and did not sway the viewer as to if this was a good or bad finding. In the case of this video release I strongly agree with the station airing a segment on detecting Anthrax. I’m sure that the Mayo Clinic is looking for some publicity in sending a video to the station, but in this case it is for the sake of helping our society. They are advertising a way to detect a very life threatening disease in new and faster ways. This breakthrough could possibly save lives. I feel that with what is going on around us right now a news story such as this it is very justified in presenting itself to the public. With this video, the public relations professional is responsible for making ...

How to Safely Remove Photos From Sticky Photo Albums

How to Safely Remove Photos From Sticky Photo Albums Many of us are in possession of one or more magnetic photo albums. These albums, which first achieved popularity in the 1960s and 70s, were made from a thick paper stock coated with glue strips and included a thick Mylar plastic covering for each page. Conservators have discovered, however, that the glue used in those albums had a very high acidic content which can eat through the backs of the photographs. The Mylar plastic seals in the acidic fumes, causing deterioration to the image side of the photos as well. In some cases, the plastic covering used wasnt even Mylar, but PVC (Poly-Vinyl Chloride), a plastic which further accelerates deterioration. If you do own one of these older magnetic photo albums full of precious family pictures then I advise you to do something NOW to try and prevent further deterioration. Begin by gently trying to peel up the corner of a photo that doesnt mean a lot to you. If it doesnt come up easily, then STOP. You will only end up ruining the picture. Instead, try one of these tips for removing the photos. Tips for Removing Photos From Old Sticky Albums Dental floss can work wonders. Use a piece of unwaxed dental floss and run it between the picture and the album page with a gentle sawing motion. This how to remove photos from a sticky album video, from Smithsonian Archives Conservationist Fellow Anna, demonstrates the technique.Un-du, a product commonly used by scrapbookers, is an adhesive remover that may help safely remove the photos. It comes with an attached tool to help you get the Un-du solution safely under the photo to help release it. It is safe for use on the back of the photos, but be careful not to get it on the images themselves. Valerie Craft demonstrates the use of a microspatula and UnDu as a method for removing stuck photographs in this video.Slide a thin metal spatula (a micro spatula is preferred) gently under the edge of a photo and then use a hairdryer to heat the spatula as you slide it slowly under the photo. This may heat the glue enough to help you remove the photo safely from the album. Be careful to keep the hairdryer pointed away from the photo itself. This video from Hummies World Digital Scrapbooking Tutorials demonstrates the hairdryer technique. Try putting the album in the freezer for a few minutes. This can make the glue brittle and make it easier to remove the photos. Be careful not to leave the album in for too long, however, as it may cause condensation to build ​upon the photos as the album comes back to room temperature.Some photo experts recommend using the microwave to try and loosen the adhesive. Place a page into a microwave oven and turn it on for five seconds.  Wait five to ten seconds and then turn it on for another five seconds.   Follow this procedure for several cycles - being careful to check the adhesive each time.   Do NOT try to hurry the process and turn on the microwave  for thirty seconds, or the glue will become so hot it will probably burn the print.  Once the glue is dissolved, then you can try again to lift up the corner of one of the photos or try the dental floss trick. If the photos still dont come out easily, then dont force them! If the photos are very precious, then take them to one of the self-help photo kiosks, or use a digital camera or digital flatbed scanner to make copies of the photos right on the album page. You can also have a photo store make negatives from the photos, but this can be more expensive. To prevent further deterioration, remove the Mylar or plastic sleeves and insert pieces of acid-free tissue between the pages instead. This will keep the photos from touching each other or the remaining glue. You should also be aware that any or all of these techniques may damage any writing which may exist on the back of the photos. Experiment first with the photos which mean the least to you and see what works best for your particular album and photos.

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system Assignment

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system - Assignment Example The researcher states that crime levels by the youth have reduced more than half in the last forty years. Drug use is a major challenge since it has been increasing despite numerous resources put into reducing the vice. Addicts should not be treated as criminals but as sick people that need treatment. This will lower demand for drugs and bring down its use. Violence against women is an area where not much gain has been made. Strategies need to be revised with a focus on challenging attitudes in men that tend to promote it. Much effort however has been put to support victims and counsel them. Over criminalization reduces liberties and makes every mistake a crime. Certain mistakes should not be criminalized and the public should be educated on the existing laws and regulations as some people could be breaking the law without being aware of it. Public opinion polls and surveys always return a verdict that crime or the fear of it is one of the biggest concerns of the citizenry. Certain a reas would be confused for a war zone as the ring of gun shots, gun shot wounds and injuries or injuries inflicted by other means are a common occurrence. Crime statistics continue to soar; from everyday burglary and cheating to homicides, rape and even terrorism and as time passes and technology advances so does the level of sophistication. A current trend is that of fraud and cyber crimes where there is no contact but the financial and psychological damage is equally devastating. The situation is made worse by a tight economic system, rising inflation and unemployment which puts a strain on people’s finances. ... r challenges facing the criminal justice system from a theoretical, historical and a functional angle by reviewing various literature and trends and makes a conclusion at the end. Literature review Question One: One of the biggest challenges to the criminal justice system is violence by the youth. While the youth are the future leaders and the human capital necessary to move the nation forward, they also participate substantially in criminal activity. FBI statistics show for example that in 2005, youths aged 10 to 17 years comprised 15.4 percent of the population while also committing 15.4 percent of the crimes reported nationally (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). Of the youth population, 20 to 24 year olds commit most of the crime with males being the dominant offenders. Statistics show that the leading cause of death among American youth aged between 10 to 24 years is homicide (â€Å"CDC†, 2011). Violence also causes most of the non fatal injuries among the same age group ( 10 -24 year olds). Youth violence has been reducing in number though as data shows that in the period between 1964 to 1969, youths aged between 10 and 17 years made up 21.9 percent of the American population and committed 32.1 percent of all the crimes (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). But while the involvement of youths in criminal activity has been reducing, the fatality and lethal nature of youth violence has been getting worse. Acts of violent shootings in schools have been reported and the cause of youth violence is attributed to having criminal parents, broken homes, and abandonment. Early criminal tendencies is a pointer to future crime potential with evidence suggesting that adult criminality and delinquency during adolescence can be traced to problematic behaviors in children (Chaiken, 1995). These

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More Leniently Research Paper

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More Leniently - Research Paper Example The treatment and sentencing of women who commit murders have been discussed thoroughly by different theorists and sociologists.   The work of Nagel and Weitzman in 1971 has since established that women seem to receive preferential treatment in their sentencing (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006).   The chivalry and focal concerns theories are two of the main theories which have sought to explain this pattern of social behavior.   The chivalry theory was first seen in the 1970s and is mainly based on the cultural stereotypes related to gender.   In this case, this theory sets forth that women are fickle and childlike and therefore are not responsible for their criminal activities (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006).   Women should, therefore, be protected by the men who should do everything in their power to reduce the pain and suffering that these women experience.   In effect, this theory â€Å"suggests that society desires to treat women more leniently than men† (Heberl e, 1999, p. 1107).   This hesitation based on this theory refers to its reasons for women’s status as mothers and vulnerable figures sexually. The focal concerns theory is yet another theory which sought to explain the seemingly preferential treatment of female criminals.   This theory sets forth that due to the limited time that judges have on their cases, they often do not receive sufficient information on defendants and their cases.   Consequently, in the course of their adjudication, their personal opinions and preferences can often significantly impact on the way they render sentences on defendants (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   In the end, these judges sometimes end up crediting attributes about a defendant’s liability and recidivism based on blameworthiness, dangerousness and practical constraints (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   In the process, they also end up crediting certain gender-based qualities to the offenders.   They would likely view women to be less of a risk to the community and less likely to be a recidivist; and they would likely view male offenders to be at fault and therefore, more responsible for their crimes (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   This theory also sets forth that men are more capable of doing their time in prison as compared to females.  

Effects of Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of Children Essay Children have a big impact on a relationship and the communication between two parents. Adding children into any relationship takes change and communication on both ends. It can be harder depending on the different relationship situations. Children change not only your personal relationship but also the relationships you have with friends and family. I asked three different parents that I know the same three questions. The questions were: 1. What change was least expected after your baby was born? 2. How did communication with your partner and others change after having a baby? . How did having a child affect your marriage or relationship? Each of the answers I received was similar. A\ll of the parents expressed that their lives and relationships changed a lot after having children. Their relationship with friends and with their partner became a challenge. Two out of the three said they expected the challenges while one said she didn’t expect so many issues to arise with her partner. A big issue that was mentioned by all three was the fact that the time between them and their partner was cut down drastically. That became a relationship breaker for one. She chose her daughters needs over the needs of her relationship. The communication patterns described by the parents did not follow the Guidelines for Effective Communication in Families. They differed because the communication and equity was not followed. One parent chose her time and energy needed to be focused on her child and put her relationship on hold. This in the end broke up her relationship. The other two followed the guidelines to an extent but not completely. Communication is tampered no matter what way you look at it. Men and woman look at parenthood different and that may be the main reason why children have such an effect on relationships. Communication is key in any relationship. There has to be a level of understanding and respect from both ends to balance any kind of friendship or intimate relationship. Children can change a lot of things in our lives. If two people are not on the same page in a relationship or about the choices that have to made with children it can ruin the relationship all together.

A Christian View of Suffering Essay -- The Value of Suffering

The concept of suffering plays an important role in Christianity, regarding such matters as moral conduct, spiritual advancement and ultimate destiny. Indeed an emphasis on suffering pervades the Gospel of Mark where, it can be argued, we are shown how to "journey through suffering" (Ditzel 2001) in the image of the "Suffering Son of Man" (Mark 8:32), Jesus Christ. Although theologians have suggested that Mark was written to strengthen the resolve of the early Christian community (Halpern 2002, Mayerfeld 2005), the underlying moral is not lost on a modern reader grappling with multifarious challenges regarding faith in the face of suffering. In his article "A Christian Response to Suffering", William Marravee (1987) describes suffering as an "experience over which we men and women continue to stumble and fall". The way we view God is crucial to the way we view suffering according to Marravee, who delineates the disparity between a view of God as an ‘outsider’ and the biblical image of God – where God is an ‘insider’ who suffers with us in our struggle. This essay seeks to explain the Christian view of suffering and the purpose suffering can have in our lives. Suffering is an individual's basic affective experience of pain or distress, often as a result of one’s physical, emotional or spiritual circumstance (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy 2006). Suffering can be classified as physical; for example pain caused by a dislocated knee, emotional; for example one’s grief over the death of a loved one, or spiritual; which is described as the state of being separated from the blissful nature of your divine self (soul). To suffer physically or emotionally is often unavoidable; however it can be argued that spiritual liberation... ...s distributed in Theology 101 at the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle on 22 April 2008. Marravee. W, 1987, â€Å"A Christian Response to Suffering†, Review for Religious, no. 46, pp. 256-260. Mayerfeld. J, 2005, Suffering and Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press. Pope John Paul II (1984), Apostolic Letter: SALVIFICI DOLORIS, [Online], Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Available at: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jpapl_11021984_salvifici-doloris_en.html [27 April 2008]. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (2006), Suffering [Online], Metaphysics Research Lab, Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/ [3 May 2008]. Trip, D. (1999), â€Å"The Christian view of suffering† [Online], Exploring Christianity. Available from: http://www.christianity.co.nz/suffer4.htm [Accessed 18 April 2008].